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🔹 1. Long A /eɪ/ — sounds like “ay” in day Usually appears when: “A” is at the end of a syllable or followed by a single consonant + silent E Spelling patterns: a-e, ai, ay Examples: cake, name, game (a-e pattern) rain, train, paint (ai pattern) day, say, play (ay pattern) 🔹 2. Short A /æ/ — sounds like “a” in cat Usually appears when: “A” is in a closed syllable (followed by a consonant) Examples: cat, hat, map, apple, sad 🔹 3. Broad A /ɑː/ (British) or /ɑ/ (American) — sounds like “ah” Often appears in: Words with “ar”, especially in British English Some borrowed or older words Examples: car, father, calm, aunt (in some accents) 🔹 4. Schwa A /ə/ — an unstressed, soft “uh” sound Happens when: “A” is in an unstressed syllable Examples: about, sofa, alone, banana 🔹 5. Other less common pronunciations: /ɔː/ (British English) in some words: water, call, talk /eə/ (British English) in rare cases like: care, bare 🔁 Summary Table: Pattern Sound Example a-e /eɪ/ cake ai, ay /eɪ/ rain, day closed syllable /æ/ cat ar (BrE) /ɑː/ car unstressed /ə/ about special cases /ɔː/, /eə/ water, care

Present Simple   TO BE                     Affirmative  +                               Negative – I   am I`m I   am not I`m not You   are You`re You are not You aren`t He     is He`s He is not He isn`t She    is She`s She is not She isn`t It        is It`s It is not It isn`t We are We`re We are not We aren`t You are You`re You are not You aren`t They are They`re They are not They aren`t Interrogative      Am I….?     +Yes, I am. – No, I`m not. Are you …?  + Yes, I am. – No, I`m not. Is he ……?    + Yes, he is – No, he isn`t Is she…?     + Yes, she is – No, she isn`t Is it…?      + Yes, it is. – No, it isn`t Are we ….? +Yes, we are – No, we aren`t Are you…..? + Yes, we are. – No, we aren`t Are they ….? + Yes, they are. – No, they aren`t